Motivation

As HBase becomes more mature there’s is a growing demand for tools and methods for making development process easier – here at Sematext (@sematext) we’ve gone through our own per aspera ad astra learning process in addition to Cloudera’s Hadoop trainings and certifications. In this post we share what we’ve learned and show how one can HBaseTestingUtility for this.

Suppose there is a system that deals with processing data stored in HBase and displaying stored data via reporting application. Data processing is done using Hadoop MapReduce jobs. During development, it would be desirable to be able to:

• debug MapReduce jobs in an IDE
• run reporting application locally (on developer’s machine, without setting up a cluster) with possibility of debugging in IDE
• easily access data stored in HBase for debugging purposes (easily means “naturally” as if all rows are in a text file)

Disclaimer

Described use-case and solution are just one option, an option that makes use of HbaseTestingUtility and underlying “mini” clusters. Depending on the context, this solution might not be the most optimal, but it is a good fit for presenting the ideas. This solution and this post should encourage developers to look at HBase’s unit-test sources when constructing their own tests and/or when finding ways for easier debugging & development.

Problem Details

In our example there are two tables in HBase: one with raw data and another with processed data.  Let’s call them RawDataTable and ProcessedDataTable. We import data into RawDataTable via simple importing MapReduce job which initally takes data from a log file. Subsequently, another MapReduce job processes data in that table and stores the outcome into ProcessedDataTable. We use HBase Scan and Get operations to access the processed data from the client.

Solution

As stated in javadocs, HBaseTestingUtility is a “facility for testing HBase”. Its description comes with a bit more of explanation: “Create an instance and keep it around doing HBase testing. This class is meant to be your one-stop shop for anything you mind need testing. Manages one cluster at a time only.” In this post we describe one possible way of how to use it to achieve the goals described above.

Processing Data

Step 1: Init cluster.

The following code starts “local” cluster and creates two tables:

private final HBaseTestingUtility testUtil = new HBaseTestingUtility();
private HTable rawDataTable;
private HTable processedDataTable;
…
void initCluster() throws Exception {
  testUtil.getConfiguration().addResource("hbase-site-local.xml");
  testUtil.getConfiguration().reloadConfiguration();
  // start mini hbase cluster
  testUtil.startMiniCluster(1);
  // create tables
  rawDataTable = testUtil.createTable(RAW_TABLE_NAME, RAW_TABLE_COLUMN_FAMILIES);
  processedDataTable = testUtil.createTable(PROCESSED_TABLE_NAME, PROCESSED_TABLE_COLUMN_FAMILIES);
  // start MR cluster
  testUtil.startMiniMapReduceCluster();
}

testUtil.startMiniCluster(1) means start cluster with 1 datanode and 1 regionserver. You can start cluster with greater number of servers for test purposes.

Step 2: Import Data

We use simple map-only job for import data. Please refer to org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapreduce.ImportTsv class for an example of such a job. The following code runs the job that uses locally stored files (e.g. a part of the log file of reasonable size) on just created cluster:

String[] importJobArgs = new String[] {RAW_TABLE_NAME, "file://" + inputFile};
if (!MyImportJob.createSubmittableJob(testUtil.getConfiguration(), importJobArgs).waitForCompletion(true)) {
  System.exit(1);
}

Step 3: Process Data

To process data in RawDataTable we run an appropriate MapReduce job in the same way as during the import:

if (!ProcessLogsJob.createSubmittableJob(testUtil.getConfiguration(), processLogsJobArgs).waitForCompletion(true)) {
  System.exit(1);
}

Step 4: Persist Processed Data

Since we need processed data during our reporting application development and debugging we persist it in some local file. In order to have “easy” access to this data during debugging it makes sense to store table data in a text file in a readable form (so that we could perform “grep” and other handy commands). So we actually write to two files at once. The Result class implements Writable interface, so there is a natural way to serialize its data.

BufferedWriter bw = ...;
DataOutputStream dos = ...;
ResultScanner rs = processedDataTable.getScanner(new Scan());
Result next = rs.next();
while (next != null) {
  next.write(dos);
  bw.write(getHumanReadableString(next));
  bw.newLine();
  next = rs.next();
}

After this step, the processed data is stored on the local disk and can be used for running the reporting application. Importing and processing of data is performed locally and is thus easier to debug.
In order to add extra processed data incrementally to the already stored data, instead of rewriting it from scratch, we need to load it from the file after cluster initialization as described in the following section.

Fetching Data

In order to make reporting application run on “local” cluster instead of the “true” one, we create an alternative HTable factory. Reporting application code uses a single HTable object instantiated by the factory during its whole lifecycle – this is the best practice for minimizing creation of HTable objects.

Step 1: Init cluster.

This step is exactly the same as described previously.

Step 2: Load processed data.

We use a file created during processing data stage to load the data back into just initialized cluster:

DataInputStream dis = ...;
Result next = new Result();
next.readFields(dis);
while (next.getRow() != null) {
  Put put = new Put(next.getRow());
  for (KeyValue kv : next.raw()) {
    put.add(kv);
  }
  processedDataTable.put(put);
  next = new Result();
  try {
    next.readFields(dos);
  } catch (EOFException e) {
    // file went to an end.
    break;
  }
}

After data is all loaded, the constructed processedDataTable can be used by the reporting application code. The app can now also be started and debugged easily from an IDE.

Next Steps

Internally HBaseTestingUtility makes use of a whole bunch of “mini” clusters: MiniZooKeeperCluster, MiniDFSCluster, MiniHBaseCluster and MiniMRCluster. Refer to the unit-test implementations in the source code of respective projects to get more examples on how to use them.

Thank you for reading, we hope you found this useful.  Follow @sematext on Twitter to be notified of new posts on Hadoop, HBase, Lucene, Solr, Mahout, and other related topics.

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